Posts

Guidelines on Infection after ACL Reconstruction

Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics | Vol 6 | Issue 1 |  Jan-Jun 2021 | page: 53-59 | I. Geethan, Raju Easwaran


Author: I. Geethan [1], Raju Easwaran [2]

[1] Department of Orthopaedics, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College, Siruvachur, Perambalur

[2] Director, Shree Meenakshi Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Clinic

 

Address of Correspondence
Dr. I. Geethan,
Department of Orthopaedics, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College, Siruvachur, Perambalur
E-mail: igeethan@gmail.com


Abstract

Infection after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) is a rare but disastrous event that increases the cost of treatment and affects the short and long term outcome. Clinicians must be aware of the best preventive practices and be knowledgeable regarding the early diagnosis and prompt management to minimise the complications following ACLR. Recent literature has identified the risk factors for infection after ACLR and has proposed recommendations for its management. This article reviews the recent literature and proposes a plan for prevention of infection and its treatment. Specifically, the use of Bone Patellar Tendon Bone graft in patients at a higher risk of infection and Vancomycin wrapping of graft are the two interventions that can reduce the risk of infection. A surgeon must have a low threshold for suspecting infection and early graft preserving arthroscopic lavage must be performed on suspicion of infection. Culture directed antibiotics must be given for 6 weeks following infection. Graft and hardware must be removed in patients requiring repeat debridement. Revision ACLR is offered only for those patients who report instability.
Keywords: Infection, ACL reconstruction, Prevention, Management


References

  1. Dubousset J, Charpak G, Dorion I, Skalli W, Lavaste F, Deguise J, et al. Anew 2D and 3D imaging approach to musculo-skeletal
    physiology and pathology with low-dose radiation and the standing position: The EOS system. Bull Acad Natl Med 2005;189:287-300.
  2. Wybier M, Bossard P. Musculoskeletal imaging in progress: The EOS imaging system. J Bone Spine 2013;80:238-43.
  3. Melhem E, Assi A, El Rachkidi R, Ghanem I. EOS (®) biplanar X-ray imaging: Concept, developments, benefits, and limitations.
    J Child Orthop 2016;10:1-14.
  4. Garg B, Mehta N, Bansal T, Malhotra R. EOS® imaging: Concept and current applications in spinal disorders. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020;11:786-93.
  5. Mishra P, Lal A, Mohindra M, Mehta N, Joshi D, Chaudhary D. Incidence, management and outcome assessment of post operative infection following single bundle and double bundle acl reconstruction. J Clin Orthop Trauma [Internet]. 2018 Apr 1 [cited 2021 Jan 17];9(2):167–71. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29896022/.
  6. Brophy RH, Wright RW, Huston LJ, Nwosu SK, Spindler KP, Kaeding CC, et al. Factors associated with infection following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Bone Jt Surg – Am Vol. 2015 Mar 18;97(6):450–4.
  7. Barbara K, Alan I, Goran V, Saša J. Knee infection following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a cohort study of one thousand, eight hundred and ninety one patients from the single-centre database. Int Orthop [Internet]. 2020 May 1 [cited 2 0 2 1 J a n 1 7 ] ; 4 4 ( 5 ) : 8 6 9 – 7 5 . A v a i l a b l e f r o m : https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32114657/
  8. Wang C, Lee YH a. D, Siebold R. Recommendations for the management of septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction. Vol. 22, Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy  : official journal of the ESSKA. 2014. p. 2136–44.
  9. Otchwemah R, Naendrup JH, Mattner F, Tjardes T, Bäthis H, Shafizadeh S. Effective graft preservation by following a standard protocol for the treatment of knee joint infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg. 2019;32(11):1111–20.
  10. Torres-Claramunt R, Gelber P, Pelfort X, Hinarejos P, Leal[1]Blanquet J, Pérez-Prieto D, et al. Managing septic arthritis after knee ligament reconstruction. Vol. 40, International Orthopaedics. Springer Verlag; 2016. p. 607–14.
  11. Nag HL, Neogi DS, A.R. N, V. AK, Yadav CS, Singh U. Tubercular Infection After Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc – J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2009 Feb;25(2):131–6.
  12. Muscolo DL, Carbo L, Aponte-Tinao LA, Ayerza MA, Makino A. Massive bone loss from fungal infection after anterior cruciate ligament arthroscopic reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467(9):2420–5.
  13. Sun L, Zhang L, Wang K, Wang W, Tian M. Fungal osteomyelitis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Acase report with review of the literature. Knee [Internet]. 2012 Oct [cited 2021 Jan 17];19(5):728–31. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22209694/.
  14. Vallianatos PG, Tilentzoglou AC, Koutsoukou AD. Septic Arthritis Caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Infection after Arthroscopically Assisted Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthroscopy [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2021 Jan 1 7 ] ; 1 9 ( 3 ) . A v a i l a b l e f r o m : https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12627143/.
  15. Schollin-Borg M, Michaëlsson K, Rahme H. Presentation, Outcome, and Cause of Septic Arthritis after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Case Control Study. Arthrosc – J Arthrosc Relat Surg [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2020 Oct 2 9 ] ; 1 9 ( 9 ) : 9 4 1 – 7 . A v a i l a b l e f r o m: Presentation, outcome, and cause of septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a case control study – PubMed (nih.gov)
  16. Cancienne JM, Gwathmey FW, Miller MD, Werner BC. Tobacco Use Is Associated with Increased Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1 [cited 2021 Feb 5];44(1):99–104. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0363546515610505
  17. Geethan I, Easwaran R, Sahanand S, Sivaraman A, Gupta A, Devgan A, et al. Management Guidelines for Infection After ACL Reconstruction: Expert Opinion Statement Based on the Modified Delphi Survey of Indian Arthroscopy Surgeons. Indian J Orthop [Internet]. 2021 Feb 1 [cited 2021 Feb 3];1–10. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s43465-021- 00363-z
  18. Bibbo C, Patel D V., Gehrmann RM, Lin SS. Chlorhexidine provides superior skin decontamination in foot and ankle surgery: A prospective randomized study. Clin Orthop Relat Res [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2021 Feb 3];438(438):204–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16131892/
  19. Lee I, Agarwal RK, Lee BY, Fishman NO, Umscheid CA. Systematic Review and Cost Analysis Comparing Use of chlorhexidine with Use of Iodine for Preoperative Skin Antisepsis to Prevent Surgical Site Infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol [Internet]. 2010 Dec [cited 2021 Feb 3 ] ; 3 1 ( 1 2 ) : 1 2 1 9 – 2 9 . A v a i l a b l e f r o m : https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20969449/
  20. WHO Surgical Site infection Prevention Guidelines Web Appendix 7 Summary of a systematic review on the effectiveness and optimal method of hair removal [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 27]. Available from: http://gradepro.org/
  21. Pérez-Prieto D, Portillo ME, Torres-Claramunt R, Pelfort X, Hinarejos P, Monllau JC. Contamination occurs during ACL graft harvesting and manipulation, but it can be easily eradicated. Knee Surgery, Sport Traumatol Arthrosc [Internet]. 2018 Feb 1 [cited 2021 Jan 17];26(2):558–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28988312/
  22. Parada SA, Grassbaugh JA, DeVine JG, Arrington ED. Instrumentation-specific infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Vol. 1, Sports Health. 2009. p. 481–5.
  23. Tuman J, Diduch DR, Baumfeld JA, Rubino LJ, Hart JM. Joint Infection Unique to Hamstring Tendon Harvester Used During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery. Arthrosc – J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2008 May;24(5):618–20.
  24. Werner CML, Necas T, Schneeberger AG. Defects of camera covers after arthroscopic surgery. J Shoulder Elb Surg [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2021 Feb 4];15(2):199–202. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16517365/
  25. Bansal A, Lamplot JD, VandenBerg J, Brophy RH. Meta[1]analysis of the Risk of Infections After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction by Graft Type. Am J Sports Med [Internet]. 2018 May 1 [cited 2021 Feb 5];46(6):1500–8. A v a i l a b l e f r o m : http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0363546517714450
  26. Hurvitz AP, Prentice HA, Funahashi TT, Maletis GB. Screw and Sheath Tibial Fixation Associated With a Higher Likelihood of Deep Infection After Hamstring Graft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2020 Mar 1;48(4):806–11.
  27. Pérez-Prieto D, Portillo ME, Torres-Claramunt R, Pelfort X, Hinarejos P, Monllau JC. Contamination occurs during ACL graft harvesting and manipulation, but it can be easily eradicated. Knee Surgery, Sport Traumatol Arthrosc [Internet]. 2018 Feb 1 [cited 2020 Nov 17];26(2):558–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28988312/
  28. Badran MA, Moemen DM. Hamstring graft bacterial contamination during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: clinical and microbiological study. Int Orthop [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1 [cited 2021 Jan 17];40(9):1899–903. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00264-016-3168-5.
  29. Grayson JE, Grant GD, Dukie S, Vertullo CJ. The in vitro elution characteristics of vancomycin from tendons. Clin Orthop Relat Res [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Nov 17];469(10):2948–52. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21246314/
  30. Vertullo CJ, Quick M, Jones A, Grayson JE. A surgical technique using presoaked vancomycin hamstring grafts to decrease the risk of infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthrosc – J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2012 Mar;28(3):337–42.
  31. Schuster P, Schlumberger M, Mayer P, Raoulis VA, Oremek D, Eichinger M, et al. Lower incidence of post-operative septic arthritis following revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadriceps tendon compared to hamstring tendons. Knee Surgery, Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.
  32. Pérez-Prieto D, Torres-Claramunt R, Gelber PE, Shehata TMA, Pelfort X, Monllau JC. Autograft soaking in vancomycin reduces the risk of infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016 Sep 1;24(9):2724–8.
  33. Offerhaus C, Balke M, Hente J, Gehling M, Blendl S, Höher J. Vancomycin pre-soaking of the graft reduces postoperative infection rate without increasing risk of graft failure and arthrofibrosis in ACL reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2019 Sep 1;27(9):3014–21
  34. Wan KH-M, Tang SP-K, Lee RH-L, Wong KK, Wong K-K. The use of vancomycin-soaked wrapping of hamstring grafts to reduce the risk of infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: An early experience in a district general hospital. Asia-Pacific J Sport Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technol [Internet]. 2020 Oct 1 [cited 2020 Oct 25];22:10–4. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32642443
  35. Figueroa D, Figueroa F, Calvo R, Lopez M, Goñi I. Presoaking of Hamstring Autografts in Vancomycin Decreases the Occurrence of Infection Following Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sport Med. 2019;7(9).
  36. Xiao M, Sherman SL, Safran MR, Abrams GD. Surgeon practice patterns for pre-soaking ACL tendon grafts in vancomycin: a survey of the ACL study group. Knee Surgery, Sport Traumatol Arthrosc [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Jan 17]; Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32902684/
  37. Phegan M, Grayson JE, Vertullo CJ. No infections in 1300 anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with vancomycin pre-soaking of hamstring grafts. Knee Surgery, Sport Traumatol Arthrosc [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1 [cited 2021 Jan 1 7 ] ; 2 4 ( 9 ) : 2 7 2 9 – 3 5 . A v a i l a b l e f r o m : https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25771788/
  38. Naendrup JH, Marche B, de Sa D, Koenen P, Otchwemah R, Wafaisade A, et al. Vancomycin-soaking of the graft reduces the incidence of septic arthritis following ACL reconstruction: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee Surgery, Sport Traumatol Arthrosc [Internet]. 2020 Apr 1 [cited 2 0 2 1 J a n 1 7 ] ; 2 8 ( 4 ) : 1 0 0 5 – 1 3 . Av a i l a b l e f r o m : https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30656372/
  39. Jacquet C, Jaubert M, Pioger C, Sbihi A, Pithioux M, Le Baron M, et al. Presoaking of Semitendinosus Graft With Vancomycin Does Not Alter Its Biomechanical Properties: A Biomechanical In Vitro–Controlled Study Using Graft From Living Donors. Arthrosc – J Arthrosc Relat Surg [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2 0 2 1 J a n 1 7 ] ; 3 6 ( 8 ) : 2 2 3 1 – 6 . A v a i l a b l e f r o m : https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32304710/
  40. Lamplot JD, Liu JN, Hutchinson ID, Chen T, Wang H, Wach A, et al. Effect of Vancomycin Soaking on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Biomechanics. Arthrosc – J Arthrosc Relat Surg [Internet]. 2 0 2 0 [ c i t e d 2 0 2 1 J a n 1 7 ] ; A v a i l a b l e f r o m : Effect of Vancomycin Soaking on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Biomechanics – PubMed (nih.gov)
  41. Pérez-Prieto D, Perelli S, Corcoll F, Rojas G, Montiel V, Monllau JC. The vancomycin soaking technique: no differences in autograft re-rupture rate. A comparative study. Int Orthop [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Jan 17]; Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32944802/
  42. Bohu Y, Klouche S, Sezer HB, Herman S, Grimaud O, Gerometta A, et al. Vancomycin-soaked autografts during ACL reconstruction reduce the risk of post-operative infection without affecting return to sport or knee function. Knee Surgery, Sport Traumatol Arthrosc [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Jan 1 7 ] ; 2 8 ( 8 ) : 2 5 7 8 – 8 5 . A v a i l a b l e f r o m : https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32025764/
  43. Carney J, Heckmann N, Mayer EN, Alluri RK, Vangsness CT, Hatch GF, et al. Should antibiotics be administered before arthroscopic knee surgery? Asystematic review of the literature [Internet]. Vol. 9, World Journal of Orthopaedics. Baishideng Publishing Group Co; 2018 [cited 2021 Jan 15]. p. 262–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30479973/
  44. Jefferies JG, Aithie JMS, Spencer SJ. Vancomycin-soaked wrapping of harvested hamstring tendons during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A review of the ‘vancomycin wrap.’Vol. 26, Knee. Elsevier B.V.; 2019. p. 524–9.
  45. Yazdi H, Gomrokchi AY, Nazarian A, Lechtig A, Hanna P, Ghorbanhoseini M. The effect of gentamycin in the irrigating solution to prevent joint infection after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2019 Jan 1;7(1):67–74.
  46. Barbier O, Danis J, Versier G, Ollat D. When the tendon autograft is dropped accidently on the floor: A study about bacterial contamination and antiseptic efficacy. Knee. 2015 Oct 1;22(5):380–3.
  47. Plante MJ, Li X, Scully G, Brown MA, Busconi BD, DeAngelis NA. Evaluation of sterilization methods following contamination of hamstring autograft during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sport Traumatol Arthrosc [Internet]. 2013 May 15 [cited 2021 Jan 17];21(3):696–701. A v a i l a b l e f r o m : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00167-012-2049-8.
  48. Oh HL, Chen DB, Seeto BG, MacDessi SJ. Mycobacterium fortuitum infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a polylactic acid bioabsorbable screw: Case report. Knee. 2010 Mar;17(2):176–8.
  49. Vallianatos PG, Tilentzoglou AC, Koutsoukou AD. Septic Arthritis Caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Infection after Arthroscopically Assisted Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2003;19(3).
  50. Metcalf K, Ko JWK, Quilici S, Barnes P, Crawford DC. Differentiating Occult Propionibacterium acnes Infection From Aseptic “Biologic” Interference Screw Hydrolysis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Introducing a Novel Culture Protocol for Detecting Low-Virulence Organisms. Orthop J Sport Med. 2015 Oct 23;3(10).
  51. Rhee SM, Kim MS, Kim JD, Ro K, Ko YW, Rhee YG. Hematologic Expression After Shoulder Surgery: Normalization Curve of Serum Inflammatory Markers. Arthrosc – J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2021 Jan 1;37(1):71–82.
  52. Nam JH, Cho MR, Lee SH, Song SK, Choi WK. C-reactive protein course after classical complication free total knee arthroplasty using navigation. Knee Surg Relat Res [Internet]. 2020 Dec 1 [cited 2021 Feb 6];32(1):56. Available from: https://kneesurgrelatres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ s43019-020-00074-z
  53. Costa GG, Grassi A, Lo Presti M, Cialdella S, Zamparini E, Viale P, et al. White Blood Cell Count is the most Reliable Test for the Diagnosis of Septic Arthritis after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. An observational study on 38 patients. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg [Internet]. 2020 Dec [ c i t e d 2 0 2 1 J a n 1 7 ] ; A v a i l a b l e f r o m : https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33278527/
  54. Ligament Reconstruction. An observational study on 38 patients. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg [Internet]. 2020 Dec [ c i t e d 2 0 2 1 J a n 1 7 ] ; A v a i l a b l e f r o m : https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33278527/
  55. Pérez-Prieto D, Trampuz A, Torres-Claramunt R, Eugenia Portillo M, Puig-Verdié L, Monllau JC. Infections after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Which Antibiotic after Arthroscopic Debridement? J Knee Surg [Internet]. 2017 May 1 [cited 2021 Jan 17];30(4):309–13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27367205/
  56. Pogorzelski J, Themessl A, Achtnich A, Fritz EM, Wörtler K, Imhoff AB, et al. Septic Arthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: How Important Is Graft Salvage? Am J Sports Med. 2018 Aug 1;46(10):2376–83.
  57. Waterman BR, Arroyo W, Cotter EJ, Zacchilli MA, Garcia ESJ, Owens BD. Septic Arthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Clinical and Functional Outcomes Based on Graft Retention or Removal. Orthop J Sport Med. 2018 Feb26;6(3).
  58. Kusnezov N, Eisenstein ED, Dunn JC, Wey AJ, Peterson DR, Waterman BR. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Removal Versus Retention in the Setting of Septic Arthritis After Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Expected Value Decision Analysis. Vol. 34, Arthroscopy – Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery. W.B. Saunders; 2018. p. 967–75.
  59. Cote MP. Editorial Commentary: Graft Removal Versus Retention for Septic Arthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Accounting for Patient Preference Flips the Script on Current Practice [Internet]. Vol. 34, Arthroscopy – Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery. W.B. Saunders; 2018 [cited 2021 Jan 15]. p. 976–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29502709/
  60. Makhni EC, Steinhaus ME, Mehran N, Schulz BS, Ahmad CS. Functional Outcome and Graft Retention in Patients with Septic Arthritis after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. Vol. 31, Arthroscopy – Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery. W.B. Saunders; 2015. p. 1392–401.

How to Cite this article: Geethan I, Easwaran R. Guidelines on Infection after ACL Reconstruction. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics Jan-Jun 2021;6(1): 53-59.

 (Abstract    Full Text HTML)   (Download PDF)


Thoughts on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery over the Past 40 Years: Back to the Future

Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics | Vol 5 | Issue 1 |  Jan-Jun 2020 | page:15-20 | Chad Lasceski, Chris Nacca, Sarav S. Shah, John C. Richmond


Author: Chad Lasceski [1], Chris Nacca [1], Sarav S. Shah [1], John C. Richmond [2]

[1] Department of Orthopedics 4th Floor 125 Parker Hill Avenue, Boston, MA 02120
[2] Department of Orthopedics Surgery 4th Floor 125 Parker Hill Avenue, Boston, MA 02120

Address of Correspondence
Dr. John C. Richmond,
Department of Orthopedics Surgery 4th Floor 125 Parker Hill Avenue, Boston, MA 02120
E-mail: jrichmon@nebh.org


Abstract

Surgical treatment of anterior cruciate injury (ACL) has evolved over the last 40 years. Both patient as well as surgeon considerations must be made to optimize the successful treatment of an ACL injured patient. The focus of this paper is to discuss several of the many important issues that continue as topics of discussion in the literature and on the podium. These include graft selection and preparation, the role of anterior cruciate ligament repair, extra-articular tenodesis, and posterior tibial slope (PTS). We will present the current data as it pertains to these topics and include the senior author’s preferences derived from 40 years of personal experience.
Keywords: ACL reconstruction, ACL repair, extra-articular tenodesis, ACL graft choice, posterior tibial slope.


References

1. Gordon MD, Steiner ME. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries. In: Orthopaedic Knowledge Update Sports Medicine III, Garrick JG (Ed), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont 2004. p.169
2. Albright JC, Carpenter JE, Graf BK, et al. Knee and leg: soft tissue trauma. In: Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 6, Beaty JH (Ed), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont 1999. p.533
3. Miyasaka KC, Daniel DM, Stone ML. The incidence of knee ligament injuries in the general population. Am J Knee Surg. 1991; 4:43.
4. Markolf KL, Mensch JS, Amstutz HC. Stiffness and laxity of the knee–the contributions of the supporting structures. A quantitative in vitro study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(5):583-94.
5. Daniel DM, Stone ML, Dobson BE, et al. Fate of the ACL-injured patient. A prospective outcome study. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22(5):632–644.
6. Georgoulis AD, Ristanis S, Moraiti CO, et al. ACL injury and reconstruction: Clinical related in vivo biomechanics. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010;96(8 Suppl):S119–S128.
7. Loh JC, Fukuda Y, Tsuda E, et al. Knee stability and graft function following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Comparison between 11 o’clock and 10 o’clock femoral tunnel placement. 2002 Richard O’Connor Award paper. Arthroscopy. 2003;19(3):297–304
8. Ajuied A, Wong F, Smith C, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament injury and radiologic progression of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(9):2242–2252.
9. Øiestad BE, Holm I, Risberg MA. Return to pivoting sport after ACL reconstruction: association with osteoarthritis and knee function at the 15-year follow-up. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(18):1199–1204.
10. Goldblatt J.P., Fitzsimmons S.E., Balk E., Richmond J.C. Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: Meta-analysis of patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autograft. Arthroscopy. 2005;21:791–803.
11. Biau DJ, Katsahian S, Kartus J, et al. Patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autografts for reconstructing the anterior cruciate ligament: a meta-analysis based on individual patient data. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(12):2470–2478.
12. Gifstad T, Foss OA, Engebretsen L, et al. Lower risk of revision with patellar tendon autografts compared with hamstring autografts: a registry study based on 45,998 primary ACL reconstructions in Scandinavia. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(10):2319–2328.
13. Rahardja R, Zhu M, Love H, Clatworthy MG, Monk AP, Young SW. Effect of graft choice on revision and contralateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Results from the New Zealand ACL Registry. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48(1):63–69.
14. MOON Knee Group, Spindler KP, Huston LJ, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in high school and college-aged athletes: Does autograft choice influence anterior cruciate ligament revision rates? Am J Sports Med. 2020;48(2):298–309.
15. Chee MY, Chen Y, Pearce CJ, et al. Outcome of patellar tendon versus 4-strand hamstring tendon autografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective randomized trials. Arthroscopy. 2017;33(2):450–463.
16. Mariscalco MW, Flanigan DC, Mitchell J, Pedroza AD, Jones MH, Andrish JT, Parker RD, Kaeding CC, Magnussen RA. The influence of hamstring autograft size on patient-reported outcomes and risk of revision after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON) Cohort Study. Arthroscopy. 2013 Dec;29(12):1948-53.
17. Figueroa F, Figueroa, Espregueira-Mendes J. Hamstring autograft size importance in anterior cruciate ligament repair surgery. EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:93-97.
18. Kaeding CC, Pedroza AD, Reinke EK, et al. Risk factors and predictors of subsequent ACL injury in either knee after ACL reconstruction: Prospective analysis of 2488 primary ACL reconstructions from the MOON cohort. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(7):1583-1590.
19. Vertullo CJ, Quick M, Jones A, Grayson JE. A surgical technique using presoaked vancomycin hamstring grafts to decrease the risk of infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2012;28(3):337-342.
20. Baron JE, Shamrock AG, Cates WT, Cates RA, An Q, Wolf BR, et al. Graft preparation with intraoperative vancomycin decreases infection after ACL reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2019;101(24):2187-2193.
21. Nakayama H, Yagi M, Yoshiya S, Takesue Y. Micro-organism colonization and intra-operative contamination in patients undergoing arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2012;28(5):667–671.
22. Feagin JA, Abbott HG, Rokous JA. The isolated tear of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972;54(6):1340-1341.
23. Feagin JA, Curl WW. Isolated tear of the anterior cruciate ligament: 5-year follow-up study. Am J Sports Med 1976;4(3):95-100.
24. Taylor DC, Posner M, Curl WW, Feagin JA. Isolated tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Over 30-year follow-up of patients treated with arthrotomy and primary repair. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(1):65-71.
25. Kaplan N, Wickiewicz TL, Warren RF. Primary surgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. A long-term follow-up study. Am J Sports Med. 1990;18(4):354-358.
26. Jonkergouw A, Van der List JP, DiFelice GS. Arthoroscopic primary repair of proximal anterior cruciate ligament tears: outcomes of the first 56 consecutive patients and the role of additional internal bracing. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthros 2019 Jan; 27(1):21-28.
27. Van der List JP, Jonkergouw A, van Noort A, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, DiFelice GS. Identifying candidates for arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament: A case-control study. Knee. 2019 Jun;26(3):619-627
28. Nwachukwu BU, Patel BH, Allen AA, Williams RJ. Anterior cruciate ligament repair outcomes: An updated systematic review of recent literature. Arthroscopy. 2019 July;35(7)2233-2247.
29. Waryasz GR, Marcaccio S, Gil JA, Owens BD, Fadale PD. Anterior cruciate ligament repair and biologic innovations. JBJS Rev. 2017;5(5): http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.RVW.16.00050
30. Dunn MG, Liesch JB, Tiku ML, Zawadsky JP. Development of fibroblast-seeded ligament analogs for ACL reconstruction. J Biomed Mater Res. 1995;29(11):1363-1371.
31. Murray MM, Kalish LA, Fleming BC, et al. Bridge-enhanced anterior cruciate ligament repair: Two-year results of a first-in-human study. Ortho J Sports Med. 2019;7(3):1-13.
32. Segond P. Recherches cliniques et expérimentales sur les épanchements sanguins du genou par entorse. Progrès Médical 1879; 16: 297–299, 319–321, 340–341
33. Hughston JC, Andrews JR, Cross MJ, Moschi A. Classification of knee ligament instabilities. Part II. The lateral compartment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(2):173–179.
34. Claes S, Vereecke E, Maes M, Victor J, Verdonk P, Bellemans J. Anatomy of the anterolateral ligament of the knee. J Anat. 2013;223(4):321–328. doi:10.1111/joa.12087
35. Song GY, Hong L, Zhang H, Zhang J, et al. Clinical outcomes of combined lateral extra-articular tenodesis and intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in addressing high-grade pivot-shift phenomenon. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(5):898–905.
36. Sonnery-Cottet B, Barbosa NC, Vieira TD, Saithna A. Clinical outcomes of extra-articular tenodesis/anterolateral reconstruction in the ACL injured knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(2):596–604.
37. Sonnery-Cottet B, Saithna A, Frois Temponi E, et al. Anterolateral ligament reconstruction is associated with significantly reduced ACL graft rupture rates at a minimum follow-up of 2 years: A prospective comparative study of 502 patients from the SANTI study group. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(7):1547-1557.
38. Getgood AMJ, Bryant DM, Litchfield R, et al. Lateral extra-articular tenodesis reduces failure of hamstring tendon autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: 2-year outcomes from the STABILITY study randomized clinical trial. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48(2):285–297.
39. Ferreira Mde C, Zidan FF, Miduati FB, et al. Reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament and anterolateral ligament using interlinked hamstrings – technical note. Rev Bras Ortop. 2016;51(4):466–470.
40. Todd MS, Laliss S, Garcia E, et al. The relationship between posterior tibial slope and anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(1):63-67.
41. Webb JM, Salmon LJ, Leclerc E, Pinczewski LA, et al. Posterior tibial slope and further anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed patient. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2800-2804.
42. Dejour D, Saffarini M, Demey G, Baverel L. Tibial slope correction combined with second revision ACL produces good knee stability and prevents graft rupture. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(10):2846-2852.


How to Cite this article: Lasceski C, Nacca C, Shah SS, Richmond JC. Thoughts on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery over the Past 40 Years: Back to the Future . Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics Jan-Jun 2020;5(1): 15-20.

(Abstract    Full Text HTML)   (Download PDF)